back on foot.
②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定
式置于补语之后，即：主语＋动 词＋it＋补语＋to do句式。如：
We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well.
He feels it his duty to help the poor.
③介词but,except,besides+to do(do)
在这种句型中，如介词前有动词do，后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do，
则接to不定式，即带do不带to， 带to不带do。如：
The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.
On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV.
⒉动名词作宾语
①以下动词后，只能接动名词作宾语，如：
admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imag
ine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don't mind,give
up,insist,on, put off等。如：
I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town.
You must give up smoking,
for it does too much harm toyour health.
②动名词作介词的宾语
I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at
home.
What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech?
动名词前的介词有时可以省略，如：have difficulty(in)doing,have no
trouble(in)doing,lose no ti
me(in)doing,prevent/stop…(from)doing,there is no use(in)doing等。
⒊部分动词后面，既可接动词不定式，也可接动名词作宾语，意义不变。如：
begin,continue,start,hat e,like,love,need,require,want等。
在need,require,want后接-ing形式，表示被动意义，也可接不定式，但
要用被动形式，如：Your handwr iting needs improving(tobe improved).
hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来事件，接动名词表示目前 正在进行的
活动或一般的行为。
在下列情况下，一般要用不定式：
①hate,like,love前有would(should)时，如：I'd like to have a cup of
coffee.
②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时，如：Thestudents are
starting to work on the di fficult maths problem.
③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时，如：I soon
began to understand what
was happening.
⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，或
带不定式作宾语补足语。如：
Our teachers don't permit our swimming in the lake.
Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake.
⒌部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使
用。
①forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名
词表示动作已经发生。如：
Don't forget fo post the letter for me.
Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport?
Remember to close the windows before you leave.
I remember writing him a letter a year ago.
We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the
meeting.
They regretted ordering these books from abroad.
②mean to do 打算做某事
doing 意味着……


②The reading room of our school library can hold 800people.
③All moving bodies have energy.
①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能，即：用来……的；第③句为现在分词作
定语，单个分词作定语常置于 被修饰词之前，与被修饰词之间，可构成逻辑上
的主谓关系，分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后。如：The man standing at the
school gate is Professor Hua.
五、不定式作补足语
⒈作宾语补足语
一些及物动词除要求按宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、
状态、特征，这时意思才相 对完整。
(1)常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive（强
迫），encourage,expect,fo rbid,force,get,would
like(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。如：
①Would you like me to give your regards to Mary?
②I want you to understand the whole passage clearly.
(2)部分动词后常接to be＋形容词、名词短语等形式，有时to be可省略，
如：believe,consider,discov
er,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppos
e,see(=understand),understa nd等。
①We all believe John(to be)honest.
②I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle
School.
但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，如：We consider him tohave been
foolish.
(3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。
①I didn't hear anyone say anything about it.
②They make the students do too much homework every day.
这种句式在变为被动语态时，to不能省略，如第②句：Thestudents are made
to do too much homework
every day.
(4)help,know后面的"to"可有可无。如：
Would you please help me(to) fill in the taxform?
I've never known her(to)be late before.但：He was known to have been
to France before.
(5)部分短语动词后，常接不定式作宾补，如：
You may depend on them to be there early.
The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy.
常这样用的短语动词有：ask for,care for,call on,count on,depend
on,wait for,long for（渴望）， prepare for,wish for等。
⒉作主语补足语
不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如：
①He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late.
②The young university student is considered to have great promise.
六、不定式作状语
⒈作目的状语
(1) ①I stayed there to see what would happen.
②Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examinedby the doctor.
(2)有时为了强调，不定式前可加in order或so as。如：
Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not toforget it.
有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首，但so as to不
能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部 分可转换为so that,in order that,成为目
的状语从句，如：
I stayed there so that (in order that)I could see whatwould happen.


(3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式，如：
astonished,glad,happy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。
①We are glad to hear the news.
②I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so
well.
在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，这种句型中的主语是
不定式的逻辑宾语。如：The question raised by thestudent is difficult to
answer.
The room is really comfortable to live in.
常这样用的形容词有：
comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。
⒉作结果状语
We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.
不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如：
①so…as to;such…as to
I'm not so stupid(a fool) as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会
把它写下来。
I'm not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing.
②enough…to
The speed is high enough for us to catch up with thefirst liner.
③only to
Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying inthehospital.
④too…to
I'm too tired to stay up longer.
但在下列结构中，too…to并非是"太……而不能……"之意。如：
①I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.考试及格我太高兴了。（too
修饰glad to have…，相当 于very）
②We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。
⒊不定式短语还可作独立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如：
To tell the truth,the play was a great disappointment tome.
常见的短语有to be exact（确切地说），to begin with（首先），to do him
justice（说句对他公道的 话），to be sure（真的）等等。
七、动词不定式、动名词的其它用法
⒈疑问词＋不定式结构
疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定
式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如：
①When to leave for London has not been decided yet.
②Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there.
③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well.
④The question was where to get the medicine needed.
以上例句中疑问词＋不定式部分，均可转换为相应的从句形式。如：①When
we shall leave…③…how I
could learn…
经常在这种结构中使用的动词有：
consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea
rn,observe,understand,wonder等。
⒉动词不定式的时态、语态
(1)时态
①一般式：动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后，有时表示同
时发生。如：
I hope to become a university student this year.（tobecome发生在
hope之后）
We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.（play和hear
同时发生）
②完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如：
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.
We are too young to have seen the old society.


③进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。如：
The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when Icame in.
They seemed to be discussing something important.
(2)语态
如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式一
般要用被动语态形式。如：
It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.（不定
式作主语）
It was impossible for lost time to be made up.（不定式作主语）
I wish to be sent to work in the country.（不定式作宾语）
Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?（不定式作定语）
He went to the hospital to be examined.（不定式作状语）
在There be结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动。如：There
are still many things to t ake care of (to be taken care of).但有时两
种形式表达的意思不同，如：These is nothing to do now.( We have nothing
to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)
⒊动名词的时态、语态
(1)时态
①一般式：动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指，也可与谓语动词同时
发生，或发生在谓语动作之前 、之后。如：
We are interested in collecting stamps.
I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the firsttime.
We are not afraid of dying.
②完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如：
Lmagine having travelled on the moon.
We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.
(2)被动语态
①如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者，动名词要用被动
语态，动名词的被动语态有一 般式与完成式之分。如：
The young man came in without being noticed.
He prided himself on having never been beaten in class.
②有些动词后的动名词用主动形式，但表示被动意义。如：
The bike needs repairing.
If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well.
⒋在口语中，为避免重复，常用"to"代替不定式结构，有时甚至可以把to
省略。如：
①—Did you go to visit the Great Wall?
—No,I wanted to,but there wasn't enough time.
②—Would you like to come to a party?
—I'd love to.
③—Don't make any mistakes in your homework,will you?
—I'll try not to.
④—Try to be back by 12,won't you?
—OK,I'll try.
另外，be going to,ought to,used to等也常用于这一结构中。
⒌在why引起的问句中，省略"to"。如：
Why spend such a lot of money?
Why not wait for a couple of days?
⒍当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时，只在第一个不定式前加
"to"。如：
It's quite necessary for us to read more and have morepractice.
⒎"to"在下列短语中是"介词"，后接动名词或名词形式。如：
devote…to,face up to（勇敢地面对），look forward to（盼望），object
to（反对），take to（养 成习惯，对……感兴趣；开始从事某种活动），be used
to（习惯于）等。