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奥玛莎龙 MN-6117-V 的具体情况

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1楼喂 Oxalaia quilombensis
前一阵子发现有人对南美棘龙属感兴趣,今天正好有空,发下我原来收集的资料,不过英文盲又该杯具了(个人其实看起来也挺费劲,一些术语不太懂,要现查)。
不过这个文中对奥玛莎龙的体重估计就不说什么了,(12-14m)5-7吨。皇兄给的正模估计7-10吨,渐进(13-14m) 7.5--11吨。


IP属地:黑龙江1楼2011-12-28 11:08回复
    ABSTRACT A new spinosaurid taxon, Oxalaia quilombensis gen. et sp. nov., is described based on the anterior part of a snout and a fragment of a maxilla. These specimens were collected at the Laje do Coringa site, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of the São Luis Basin. Unlike Cristatusaurus and Suchomimus, Oxalaia quilombensis lacks serrations on the teeth. The new species differs from Angaturama limai by having the anterior part of the premaxillae more expanded and by lacking a sagittal premaxillary crest. It further differs from Spinosaurus cf. S. aegyptiacus and the Algerian spinosaurid by the rounder shape of the terminal expansion. Furthermore, xalaia quilobensis has one functional tooth followed by two replacement teeth, a feature not previously observed in theropods. Oxalaia quilombensis appears to be more closely related to the spinosaurids found in North Africa than to the Brazilian members of this clade and thus further increases the diversity of these enigmatic predatory dinosaurs in this country.


    IP属地:黑龙江2楼2011-12-28 11:08
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      RESUMO Um novo espinossaurideo, Oxalaia quilombensis gen. et sp. nov., e descrito com base na parte anterior de um rostro e de um fragmento da maxila. Os especimes sao procedentes do deposito Laje do Coringa, formado durante o Cretacéo Superior (Cenomaniano) da Bacia de São Luis. Ao contrario de Cristatusaurus e Suchoius, xalaia quilobensis nao possui dentes serrilhados. A nova especie difere de Angaturama limai pela ausencia de crista sagital e por possuir a região do rostro mais expandida. Tambem difere de Spinosaurus cf. S. aegyptiacus e do espinossaurideo da Argelia pelo rostro mais arredondado. Além disso, Oxalaia quilombensis possui dois dentes de substituição no terceiro par de dentes pre-maxilares, uma feição até então desconhecida em teropodes. Oxalaia quilombensis esta aparentemente mais proximamente relacionado aos espinossaurideos da regiao norte da frica do que as formas brasileiras e aumenta a diversidade deste grupo enigmatico de dinossauros predadores no pais.


      IP属地:黑龙江3楼2011-12-28 11:09
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        Here we report on a new theropod, Oxalaia quilombensis gen. et sp. nov., the first formally described dinosaur species from Brazilian Cenomanian (early Late Cretaceous) deposits. The remains of this taxon were collected from the locality known as Laje do Coringa at the Cajual Island, Maranhão State (Corrêa-Martins 1997). This site is one of the few bone-beds from Brazil and has yielded hundreds of isolated elements (Medeiros and Schultz 2002, Van Tomme et al. 2008), some probably reworked from previous deposits (Kellner et al. 2009). The holotype of Oxalaia quilombensis gen. et sp. nov., consisting of premaxillae (MN 6117-V), was found still in situ, a quite rare situation at the Laje do Coringa site because of the destructive effects of the strong tides that affect this deposit. n isolated portion of a left maxilla showing the same general features of spinosaurids is also referred to this species. Despite being incomplete, this material shows the main characters of the theropod clade Spinosauridae and is a new addition to this bizarre and poorly known group of theropod dinosaurs. ABBREVIATIONS MNSM - Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano, Italy.
        MN - Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
        MNHN SAM - Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.


        IP属地:黑龙江4楼2011-12-28 11:09
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          SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY THEROPODA Marsh 1881
          SPINOSAUROIDEA Stromer 1915
          sensu Sereno et al. 1998
          SPINOSAURIDAE Stromer 1915
          sensu Sereno et al. 1998
          Oxalaia gen. nov. Etymology: The generic name comes from Oxala, the most respected masculine deity in the African pantheon, introduced in Brazil during slavery. Type species: xalaia quilobensis sp. nov., type by monotypy. Diagnosis: as for the type and only species.


          IP属地:黑龙江5楼2011-12-28 11:09
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            Oxalaia quilombensis sp. nov. Etymology: The generic name is derived from the Portuguese expression quilombo, the place where the quilombola (the descendants of former Brazilian slaves) live. The Cajual Island, where the specimens of this new taxon were collected, is one of these places. Holotype: Fused premaxillae of a very large individual (ca. 12-14m, 5-7 tons), housed at the Museu Nacional/UFRJ under the collection number MN 6117-V (Figs. 1-3). Referred material: Isolated and incomplete left maxilla (MN 6119-V) also collected at the Cajual Island (Fig. 4). Locality and horizon: The holotype was collected at Laje do Coringa, on the eastern-most beach of Cajual Island, in aranhao State, ortheast razil. The rocks of this site belong to the Alcântara Formation, Itapecuru Group of the São Luis Basin whose age is regarded as Cenomanian (Late Cretaceous) (Goes and Rossetti 2001). Diagnosis: Spinosaurid with the following combination of characters that distinguish it from other members of this clade (autapomorphies are marked with an asterisk): teeth unserrated (differing from Cristatusaurus and Suchomimus); maximum expansion of the distal end of the premaxillae between the 3rd and 4th alveoli*; anterior projection of the maxillae between the premaxillae in the palatal region very thin*; presence of two replacement teeth associated with the 3rd functional tooth*; diastema between the 5th and 6th premaxillary teeth present but shorter than in Spinosaurus; ventral portion of the premaxillae very sculptured*.


            IP属地:黑龙江6楼2011-12-28 11:10
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              楼上这一段里就有估计的体型数据...


              IP属地:黑龙江7楼2011-12-28 11:11
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                The anterior part is very expanded, forming the typical spinosaurid rosetta, being most constricted between the 6th and 7th alveoli. This terminal expansion of Oxalaia is similar to that observed in Suchomimus and Cristatusaurus by having the lateral margins getting gradually thinner posteriorly, lacking the small constriction present between the 3rd and 4th alveoli in the Algerian spinosaurid (MNHN SAM 124) and Spinosaurus cf. S. aegyptiacus that in those taxa give the anterior portion of the rosetta a rather triangular shape (Dal Sasso et al. 2005: Fig. 1b, Taquet and Russell 1998: Fig. 1a). Ventrally, the maxillae extend anteriorly, forming two elongated processes that are encased laterally by the premaxillae. These rostral extensions of the maxillae, which border a triangular opening, are rather thin and less exposed ventrally compared to other spinosaurids (e.g., Suchomimus, the Algerian spinosaurid, Cristatusaurus). The bone surface of this portion of the premaxillae is well ornamented, differing from the smoother condition observed in other spinosaurids. Except for the replacement teeth, no tooth shows the apical portion of the crown. Teeth fragments are present in the 3rd and 5th alveoli of the right side and in the 2nd and 3rd alveoli of the left side. All preserved portions lack serrations. Where observable, the teeth are not lateromedially compressed as in other theropods (e.g., Currie et al. 1990), but show an oval transverse section, a typical feature of spinosaurid teeth (e.g., Stromer 1915, Kellner and Mader 1997). In the 3rd alveolus of each side, two replacement teeth are present, an unusual feature within theropods (Fig. 3 a). Other replacement teeth are found in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 6th alveoli of the left side and on the 2nd and 3rd of the right side. The more apical section of the crown of the replacement teeth is straight, slightly flattened labiolingually. The interdental plates are prominent especially between the 2nd and 3rd; and 3rd and 4th alveoli.


                IP属地:黑龙江10楼2011-12-28 11:17
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                  The second specimen referred to Oxalaia quilombensis gen. et sp. nov. is the fragment of a left maxilla (MN 6119-V), containing two complete alveoli and part ofa 3rd one (Fig. 4). The specimen was found as surface float, a common condition of the fossils in this deposit (e.g., Kellner et al. 2009), and shows extensive abrasion on the lateral side, with the medial side well preserved. The last alveolus bears fragments of a broken tooth. A shallow depression is present on the dorsal side, which suggests that this specimen was likely forming part on the posterior end of the external naris. A row of nutritive foramina above the base of the teeth is also preserved on the lateral surface of this bone


                  IP属地:黑龙江11楼2011-12-28 11:17
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                    DISCUSSION Overall spinosaurids are one of the less well-known groups of theropod dinosaurs. Introduced in the literature by Stromer (1915), all specimens of Spinosaurus aegyptiacus collected in the early Cenomanian Baharija Formation of Egypt were destroyed during the Second World War (Taquet 1984). No upper jaw was present in the material originally described (Stromer 1915, Kellner and Campos 1996), and therefore no direct comparison between jaw elements of this species and Oxalaia quilombensis is possible (although both have teeth with unserrated carinae). Dal Sasso et al. (2005) have referred a partial skull found in early Cenomanian strata of Morocco to Spinosaurus cf. S. aegyptiacus. Providing this assignment is correct, the Moroccan species has only 6 premaxillary teeth against 7 present in all other spinosaurids (including Oxalaia quilombensis) which might be a diagnostic feature of this taxon. Another plausible explanation for the reduced number of premaxillary teeth in Spinosaurus cf. S. aegyptiacus (MSNM V4047) is ontogeny, based on the fact that some reptiles tend to loose one or two teeth as they grow older (e.g., recent crocodylomorphs, Tyrannosaurus rex). However, due to the lack of a considerable sample size which is paramount in determining individual and ontogenetic variations (e.g., Kellner 2010), the reduction of premaxillary teeth as a function of ontogeny cannot be definitively confirmed in spinosaurids at this time. Other differences between Oxalaia quilombensis and Spinosaurus cf. S. aegyptiacus include the spacing of the alveoli, much larger in the latter, and the small constriction between the 3rd and 4th alveoli of the Moroccan taxon, giving the anterior portion of the rosetta a rather triangular shape in dorsal view (see description).


                    IP属地:黑龙江12楼2011-12-28 11:17
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                      A second taxon, Spinosaurus maroccanus from supposed Albian deposits of Morocco, was erected by Russel (1996) based on one cervical vertebra whose centrum is quite elongated. This species was considered by Sereno et al. (1998) and Dal Sasso et al. (2005) as nomen dubium. Taquet and Russell (1998) referred an incomplete rostrum collected in Albian deposits of Algeria to Spinosaurus maroccanus, but since there is no material in common that would allow a detailed comparison, this allocation is questionable and we refer to MNHN SAM 124 as the Algerian spinosaurid. In any case, Oxalaia differs from the latter by the thinner anterior projection of the maxillae and the strongly ornamented ventral surface of the premaxillae. Furthermore, as in Spinosaurus cf. S. aegyptiacus, the anterior portion of the rosetta in the lgerian spinosaurid has a triangular shape in dorsal view. Differences between Oxalaia quilombensis and the Baryonychinae (sensu Sereno et al. 1998) - a clade that includes Baryonyx walkeri, Cristatusaurus lapparenti and Suchomimus tenerensis - are the teeth with serrated carinae and the absence of a marked diastema between the 5th and 6th alveoli (Charig and Milner 1986, 1997, Taquet and Russell 1998, Sereno et al. 1998). Besides these, Oxalaia quilombensis bears two replacement teeth in the 3rd alveoli, an unusual feature that, to our knowledge, is here reported for the first time in theropods.


                      IP属地:黑龙江13楼2011-12-28 11:18
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                        Two additional spinosaurid dinosaurs were described from Brazil, both from the Albian Romualdo Formation of the Santana Group: Irritator challengeri and Angaturama limai. Based on different portions of the skull, the specimens on which these taxa are based do not represent the same individual (contra Sereno et al. 1998, see Machado and Kellner 2005). Detailed coparisons of the ne species ith Irritator that lacks the anterior end of the rostrum (Sues et al. 2002) cannot be made. Regarding Angaturama limai, Oxalaia quilombensis differs from this taxon by the lack of a sagittal crest and by having a wider rostrum, among others. Other spinosaurid material from the Romualdo Formation, consisting of vertebrae (Bittencourt and Kellner 2004) cannot be compared with the new species described here. Based on the morphology of the rostrum and the dentition, two main groups of Spinosauridae can be recognized (e.g., Kellner and Campos 1996, Sereno et al. 1998). The Baryonychinae share teeth with finely serrated carinae, posterior end of the terminal rosetta less constricted than in spinosaurins, and lack a marked diastema between the 5th and 6th alveoli. The monospecific Cristatusaurus and Suchomimus are very similar and came from the same deposit, raising the possibility that they are congeneric or even conspecific, in which case Cristatusaurus lapparenti has priority over Suchomimus tenerensis.


                        IP属地:黑龙江14楼2011-12-28 11:18
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                          The second group, the Spinosaurinae, is united by the unserrated carinae, a very unusual feature within theropods. They also show a comparatively smaller first premaxillary pair of teeth and a larger spacing in the upper jaw (and, where observable, also in the lower jaw, Sereno et al. 1998). Within spinosaurins, Spinosaurus cf. Spinosaurus aegyptiacus and the Algerian spinosaurid (found in deposits of different age - Cenomanian and Albian, respectively) apparently are closely related in respect to Oxalaia quilombensis, which is based on the particular triangular shape ofthe rostral end. Also part of the spinosaurin clade is Angaturama limai that differs from the new species described here by having a sagittal crest and a comparatively more compressed rostrum (features also possibly present in Irritator challengeri, see Machado and Kellner 2005). Morphologically, Angaturama (and likely Irritator) is very distinct from other spinosaurins and perhaps represents a different group of spinosaurid theropods. From the same deposits of Oxalaia quilombensis, Medeiros (2006) reported the presence of hundreds of spinosaurid teeth that he classified into two main morphotypes. Morphotype 1 shows the typical spinosaurin teeth with unserrated carinae, fluted and rounded transverse section. orhotype 2 also has the general aspect of spinosaurin teeth (e.g., unserrated carinae, slightly labiolingually compressed) but presents the tooth enamel smooth. Although fragmentary, the dentition observed in Oxalaia quilombensis, compares well with the morphotype 1 of Medeiros. The specimens of morphotype 2 apparently show a broad range of variations, particularly regarding compression, and represent either worn teeth of morphotype 1 or do indeed indicate a yet undescribed spinosaurin theropod in those deposits, as Medeiros (2006) supposed.


                          IP属地:黑龙江15楼2011-12-28 11:19
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                            Several typical spinosaurid teeth have been found in other stratigraphic units, some mistaken as belonging to crocodylomorphs (see Buffetaut 2010 for a historical review). In Brazil, Candeiro et al. (2004) referred some isolated teeth from the Bauru Basin to this clade and latter Candeiro et al. (2006: fig.12c) dismissed this occurrence but still labeled one tooth as Spinosauridae. Compared to published spinosaurid teeth (e.g., Kellner and Mader 1997, Sereno et al. 1998, Medeiros 2006), this material most likely belongs to crocodyliforms, as has been pointed out before (Machado et al. 2008). Salgado et al. (2009) reported one tooth from the Cerro Lisandro Formation (lower Turonian, Early Cretaceous) as possible referable to the Spinosauridae. However, despite the fluting and the oval transverse section, this tooth is rather unusual for spinosaurids in being small and by having coarsely serrated carinae, contrary to what is reported in the Baryonychinae (e.g., Sereno et al. 1998). Although any assessment is difficult without cranial material, the Lisandro specimen either belongs to a quite distinctive spinosaurid or to a bizarre crocodylomorph, the latter being favored here. Comparisons between the premaxillae of Oxalaia quilombensis and Spinosaurus cf. S. aegyptiacus (MSNM V4047) suggest that the new Brazilian spinosaurid had a total length between 12 and 14 meters and a mass of 5 to 7 tons, making it the largest theropod recovered from the country so far.


                            IP属地:黑龙江16楼2011-12-28 11:19
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                              CONCLUSIONS Although mainly known from the premaxillae (MN 6117-V), Oxalaia quilombensis is clearly assignable to the Spinosauridae based on its dentition, number of premaxillary teeth and the shape of the rostrum. Despite its incopleteness, the aterial further sho s a distinct morphology from other spinosaurids and comes from a distinct deposit, which is located in a different geographical area from other spinosaurid occurrences, criteria regarded as determinant for the recognition of a new species in the fossil record (see discussion in Kellner 2010). Regarding the phylogenetic position, Oxalaia quilombensis is part of the Spinosaurinae, closely related to Spinosaurus cf. Spinosaurus aegyptiacus and the Algerian spinosaurid (Dal Sasso et al. 2005, Taquet and Russell 1998). It is further the largest theropod recovered from Brazil so far and demonstrates that this clade of bizarre theropods was present on the coastal area of the country from the Albian (e.g., Angaturama) to the early Cenomanian.


                              IP属地:黑龙江17楼2011-12-28 11:20
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