(1)“may(might)+have+过去分词”表示对过去发生行为的推测,把握性较小。一般只用于肯定或否定句中(疑问句中用can/could)其意为“想必”、“也许”、“可能已经”等意思,其否定形式含有“可能不会”之意。如:
You might both have been caught and killed.
你们俩很有可能被抓住杀掉。
The children have arrived there by now.
孩子们现在可能已经到达那儿了
He might have not settled the problem.
他可能尚未解决这个问题。
注意:这一句型用may和might含义基本相同,常可换用,只是might所表示的可能性比may更加微弱,语气更加委婉。
(2)“must + have+过去分词”表示对过去或者已发生行为的肯定推测,只用于肯定句中,意思是“一定”、“准是”。如:
The students are playing on the playground now. They must have finished their homework.
学生们现在在操场上玩,他们准是完成了作业。
The street is wet; it must have rained. 街道是湿的,一定下雨了。
注意:若要表示否定,则用“can’t/couldn’t+ have+过去分词”,意思是“不可能”。如:
The money can’t have been lost there.
钱不可能是在那儿丢的。
The light is still on: he couldn’t have gone to sleep.
还亮着灯,他不可能睡了。
(3)“can/could + have+过去分词”表示对过去发生行为的怀疑或不肯定,只用于否定句和疑问句中。如:
There is no light in the room. Can he have gone out?
屋里没亮,他可能出去了吧?
They can’t have finished the work that soon.
他们不可能这么快就做完了。
(4)“should + have+过去分词”表示过去“该做而实际上没有做的事”,意思是“本应该”,其否定形式表示“不应该发生却发生了的行为”,意思是“本不应该”。如:
You should have handed in your composition last week.
你本应该上周交作文的。
You shouldn’t have gone to see film last night. You are to take an examination in English this afternoon.昨晚你本不该去看电影的,今天下午还要参加英语考试呢。
注意:1、“should + have+过去分词”还能表示“可能、揣测、推断”,常译成“可能已经、该已”如:
Tom has done the work for three hours, so he should have finished it already.
Tom已经工作了3个小时,他该已做完了。
2、该结构还可表示“对过去的事感到意外而产生怀疑”,常译成“竟会、竟然”。如:
There is no reason why she should have refused.
她竟然拒绝了,简直毫无道理。
It is surprising that he should have been so stupid.
他竟然蠢到如此地步,真令人吃惊。
(5)“ought to + have+过去分词”与“should + have+过去分词”同义,只是语气较强,常含有“责备”、“不赞成”的口气。如:
We ought to have given you more help.
我们本应该给你更多的帮助。
She ought to have stopped her work half way.
她不应该把工作做了一半就停下来。
(6)“needn’t + have+过去分词”表示过去“本不必做而实际上已经做了的事”。如:
We needn’t have waited him.
我们本不必等他的。
You needn’t have told him about it.
你没比要告诉他那件事。
You might both have been caught and killed.
你们俩很有可能被抓住杀掉。
The children have arrived there by now.
孩子们现在可能已经到达那儿了
He might have not settled the problem.
他可能尚未解决这个问题。
注意:这一句型用may和might含义基本相同,常可换用,只是might所表示的可能性比may更加微弱,语气更加委婉。
(2)“must + have+过去分词”表示对过去或者已发生行为的肯定推测,只用于肯定句中,意思是“一定”、“准是”。如:
The students are playing on the playground now. They must have finished their homework.
学生们现在在操场上玩,他们准是完成了作业。
The street is wet; it must have rained. 街道是湿的,一定下雨了。
注意:若要表示否定,则用“can’t/couldn’t+ have+过去分词”,意思是“不可能”。如:
The money can’t have been lost there.
钱不可能是在那儿丢的。
The light is still on: he couldn’t have gone to sleep.
还亮着灯,他不可能睡了。
(3)“can/could + have+过去分词”表示对过去发生行为的怀疑或不肯定,只用于否定句和疑问句中。如:
There is no light in the room. Can he have gone out?
屋里没亮,他可能出去了吧?
They can’t have finished the work that soon.
他们不可能这么快就做完了。
(4)“should + have+过去分词”表示过去“该做而实际上没有做的事”,意思是“本应该”,其否定形式表示“不应该发生却发生了的行为”,意思是“本不应该”。如:
You should have handed in your composition last week.
你本应该上周交作文的。
You shouldn’t have gone to see film last night. You are to take an examination in English this afternoon.昨晚你本不该去看电影的,今天下午还要参加英语考试呢。
注意:1、“should + have+过去分词”还能表示“可能、揣测、推断”,常译成“可能已经、该已”如:
Tom has done the work for three hours, so he should have finished it already.
Tom已经工作了3个小时,他该已做完了。
2、该结构还可表示“对过去的事感到意外而产生怀疑”,常译成“竟会、竟然”。如:
There is no reason why she should have refused.
她竟然拒绝了,简直毫无道理。
It is surprising that he should have been so stupid.
他竟然蠢到如此地步,真令人吃惊。
(5)“ought to + have+过去分词”与“should + have+过去分词”同义,只是语气较强,常含有“责备”、“不赞成”的口气。如:
We ought to have given you more help.
我们本应该给你更多的帮助。
She ought to have stopped her work half way.
她不应该把工作做了一半就停下来。
(6)“needn’t + have+过去分词”表示过去“本不必做而实际上已经做了的事”。如:
We needn’t have waited him.
我们本不必等他的。
You needn’t have told him about it.
你没比要告诉他那件事。