151. 试述钙通道阻滞药扩血管的作用及作用特点。
(1)扩血管作用:因为血管平滑肌的肌浆网发育较差,血管收缩时所需要的Ca2+主要来自细胞外,故血管平滑肌对钙通道阻滞药的作用很敏感。(2)作用特点:①对小动脉的扩张作用比小静脉明显;②对痉挛的血管作用更强,故硝苯地平对变异型心绞痛效果最好;③对缺血区的冠状动脉也有扩张作用。三类钙通道阻滞药的血管扩张作用强度依次为硝苯地平>维拉帕米>地尔硫革。
152. 简述钙通道阻滞药的临床应用。
(1)抗高血压:二氢吡啶类药物,如硝苯地平等应用较多。(2)抗心绞痛:钙通道阻滞药对各型心绞痛都有不同程度的疗效。(3)抗心律失常:维拉帕米和地尔硫应用较多。(4)治疗脑血管疾病:尼莫地平、氟桂利嗪扩张脑血管,应用较多。(5)治疗外周血管痉挛性疾病及预防动脉粥样硬化的发生。(6)肥厚性心肌病。
153. 简述钙通道阻滞药的药理作用。
(1)对心脏有负性肌力、负性频率、负性传导的作用。(2)扩血管和松弛支气管、胃肠道、输尿管及子宫平滑肌。(3)有抗动脉粥样硬化、抗血小板聚集及排钠利尿作用等。(4)影响红细胞与血小板的结构与功能。(5)影响肾脏功能。
154. Compared the structure between endocardium and epicardium
Endocardium: Endothelium Subendothelial layer: fined CT Subendocardial layer: LCT, blood vessels, nerves and the conducting system of the heart Epicardium: LCT: contain adipose cells, blood vessels and nerves Methothelium
155. Compared the structure of medium-sized artery with that of small-sized and large artery.
Medium-sized artery: muscular artery, diameter larger than 1mm, Tunica media: contain 10~40 layers of circular smooth muscle clear internal and external elastic membrane large artery: elastic artery, subendothelial layer is thicker with a few smooth muscl
156. Compared the different structure between the artery and vein.
The wall of Arteries consist of three layers or “coats” often referred to as tunics. a) Tunica itima – is the inner coat: 1) inner endothelial layer; 2) subendothelial layer: a layer of loose connective tissue ; 3) internal elastic membrane b) Tunica
157. Describe the ultrastructure and distribution of the 3 types of capillaries.
Continuous capillary: -distributed in muscle tissue, brain, lung and connective tissue, etc. -endothelial cell: large number of pinocytotic vesicles, no pores, exist cell junctions between the endothelia -basal lamina: integrity Fenestrated capillary
158. 淋巴细胞的形态、分类及功能。
淋巴细胞占白细胞总数20%~30%,细胞呈球形,大小不等。胞核呈圆形,一侧常有小凹陷,染色质致密呈块状,故核着色深,胞质较少。胞质嗜碱性,呈蔚蓝色,随着胞体的增大,胞质相对增多,常有少量嗜天青颗粒。淋巴细胞并非单一群体,根据其发生部位、表面特性、寿命长短和免疫功能不同,一般可分为T细胞、B细胞和大颗粒淋巴细胞三大类。T淋巴细胞起细胞免疫功能,B淋巴细胞参与体液免疫,大颗粒淋巴细胞可分杀伤细胞和自然杀伤细胞。前者可杀死靶细胞,后者不需抗原刺激,也不依赖抗体作用杀伤某些靶细胞。
159. 单核细胞的形态和功能。
单核细胞占白细胞总数的3%~8%,是白细胞中体积最大的细胞,细胞呈圆形或椭圆形,直径12~18微米,胞核形态多样,可呈卵圆形、肾形或马蹄形等,核常偏位,染色质颗粒细而松散,故着色浅,胞质较多,呈弱嗜碱性,常染成灰蓝色。胞质内有许多细小的嗜天青颗粒,颗粒内含水解酶,过氧化物酶,酸性磷酸酶和溶菌酶等。电镜下细胞表面有短微绒毛,胞质中可见溶酶体,吞噬泡,线粒体及少量粗面内质网。单核细胞具有活跃的变形运动,趋化性和吞噬功能,它能分化为巨噬细胞。
(1)扩血管作用:因为血管平滑肌的肌浆网发育较差,血管收缩时所需要的Ca2+主要来自细胞外,故血管平滑肌对钙通道阻滞药的作用很敏感。(2)作用特点:①对小动脉的扩张作用比小静脉明显;②对痉挛的血管作用更强,故硝苯地平对变异型心绞痛效果最好;③对缺血区的冠状动脉也有扩张作用。三类钙通道阻滞药的血管扩张作用强度依次为硝苯地平>维拉帕米>地尔硫革。
152. 简述钙通道阻滞药的临床应用。
(1)抗高血压:二氢吡啶类药物,如硝苯地平等应用较多。(2)抗心绞痛:钙通道阻滞药对各型心绞痛都有不同程度的疗效。(3)抗心律失常:维拉帕米和地尔硫应用较多。(4)治疗脑血管疾病:尼莫地平、氟桂利嗪扩张脑血管,应用较多。(5)治疗外周血管痉挛性疾病及预防动脉粥样硬化的发生。(6)肥厚性心肌病。
153. 简述钙通道阻滞药的药理作用。
(1)对心脏有负性肌力、负性频率、负性传导的作用。(2)扩血管和松弛支气管、胃肠道、输尿管及子宫平滑肌。(3)有抗动脉粥样硬化、抗血小板聚集及排钠利尿作用等。(4)影响红细胞与血小板的结构与功能。(5)影响肾脏功能。
154. Compared the structure between endocardium and epicardium
Endocardium: Endothelium Subendothelial layer: fined CT Subendocardial layer: LCT, blood vessels, nerves and the conducting system of the heart Epicardium: LCT: contain adipose cells, blood vessels and nerves Methothelium
155. Compared the structure of medium-sized artery with that of small-sized and large artery.
Medium-sized artery: muscular artery, diameter larger than 1mm, Tunica media: contain 10~40 layers of circular smooth muscle clear internal and external elastic membrane large artery: elastic artery, subendothelial layer is thicker with a few smooth muscl
156. Compared the different structure between the artery and vein.
The wall of Arteries consist of three layers or “coats” often referred to as tunics. a) Tunica itima – is the inner coat: 1) inner endothelial layer; 2) subendothelial layer: a layer of loose connective tissue ; 3) internal elastic membrane b) Tunica
157. Describe the ultrastructure and distribution of the 3 types of capillaries.
Continuous capillary: -distributed in muscle tissue, brain, lung and connective tissue, etc. -endothelial cell: large number of pinocytotic vesicles, no pores, exist cell junctions between the endothelia -basal lamina: integrity Fenestrated capillary
158. 淋巴细胞的形态、分类及功能。
淋巴细胞占白细胞总数20%~30%,细胞呈球形,大小不等。胞核呈圆形,一侧常有小凹陷,染色质致密呈块状,故核着色深,胞质较少。胞质嗜碱性,呈蔚蓝色,随着胞体的增大,胞质相对增多,常有少量嗜天青颗粒。淋巴细胞并非单一群体,根据其发生部位、表面特性、寿命长短和免疫功能不同,一般可分为T细胞、B细胞和大颗粒淋巴细胞三大类。T淋巴细胞起细胞免疫功能,B淋巴细胞参与体液免疫,大颗粒淋巴细胞可分杀伤细胞和自然杀伤细胞。前者可杀死靶细胞,后者不需抗原刺激,也不依赖抗体作用杀伤某些靶细胞。
159. 单核细胞的形态和功能。
单核细胞占白细胞总数的3%~8%,是白细胞中体积最大的细胞,细胞呈圆形或椭圆形,直径12~18微米,胞核形态多样,可呈卵圆形、肾形或马蹄形等,核常偏位,染色质颗粒细而松散,故着色浅,胞质较多,呈弱嗜碱性,常染成灰蓝色。胞质内有许多细小的嗜天青颗粒,颗粒内含水解酶,过氧化物酶,酸性磷酸酶和溶菌酶等。电镜下细胞表面有短微绒毛,胞质中可见溶酶体,吞噬泡,线粒体及少量粗面内质网。单核细胞具有活跃的变形运动,趋化性和吞噬功能,它能分化为巨噬细胞。