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【★】贴些英国弓手资料

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1楼2012-07-10 00:47回复

    长弓大概是中世纪的英国弓手中最出名的武器,尽管长弓可能不是当时最有效率的远程武器,但却符合一切优秀军事装备的标准:首先造价便宜,材质要求很高,弓身强韧,但制作工艺并不复杂,便于大量生产,虽然精准度相对逊色于复合弓,但只要弓手训练精良,还是可以保证射速,准头和射程的。事实上,英国的弓手其实很少称呼自己的弓为“长弓” ,其实英国弓手只叫弓而已。长弓这个说法其实起源于15世纪,最早的记载为了将这种弓与十字弓做区分,而在称呼上加上了这种弓的外表特征。到了16世纪的时候,长弓这个说法才逐渐流传开来,并将这种弓作为一种独特的弓的类别固定下来。这种弓在当时的英国军需部门也被称为“制式弓”,欧洲其他国家也经常称其为英国弓。

    许多人大概都听过布码箭,不过这其实只是文学创作的产物,来源于1465年一首民谣的误传,大概只是民间以量布单位而对箭矢做的描述,战场用箭其实分为“制式”,“捆装式”,“标准型”三种,制式说明被广泛运用了,捆装式得名于这种箭经常二十几支,三十几支的捆扎在一起,标准式顾名思义,这种箭各方面完全符合国家标准。
    英国箭矢顶端通常比较大,便于安装最大的箭头,显示最强的杀伤力,由于追求箭头的最大化,所以为了平衡重量,使箭身更轻,制箭通常使用较轻的木材,如白杨木,就是最好的制箭材料之一,那些生长在潮湿地区的树木,容易砍伐,便于制作又轻又坚韧的箭矢。白蜡通常是中世纪英格兰常见制箭材料,据艾斯查姆所说,白蜡虽然做出来的箭相对更重,因而威力更强。可以推测的是,根据箭的分量不同,适用范围也有所区别,更重的箭明显更适合相对短程,艾斯查姆就曾列举过15种不同木材的箭的测试实验(全部可以从玛丽玫瑰号上找到),其中包括了白杨木,赤杨(桤木),接骨木,桦木,柳木,白蜡,鹅耳枥木等,另人奇怪的是,他并没有提到19世纪,20世纪,在英国制箭业很流行的木料—欧洲赤松。
    箭羽的长度也各不相同,而且根据箭头的不同,箭羽也相应的有所区分,原因具体不明,据俺猜测,可能是让熟悉的人,在从箭囊抽箭的时候,根据箭羽就能判断出这大概是一支什么样的箭,粘结箭羽的胶水同时粘牢了底部,并起到一定防水作用。箭手用箭通常马车运送,加锁锁牢。据约翰斯密瑟1590记载,每24支一捆的箭中,以前提前准备了8支轻型箭,便于轻箭远程攻击,无证据证明这确实实行过。
    弓弦
    弓弦通常用桑科植物的植物纤维作成(典型的桑科即大麻),弦上有防水胶质层,以抵御湿气和雨水。据约翰斯密瑟记载,“弓弦由最好的大麻植物纤维制成,涂上防水胶,弓手们自己还会涂上某种自调的糊状物增加弦之韧性以防断,万一弓弦断了,弓手们还总是自备两条弓弦替换。
    就好象所有弦和绳子一样,弓弦也是两股挫在一起的,有的绕单圈,有的绕双圈,单圈弓弦的情况中,弓手还会使用圆材结。制作弓弦时,弓弦要泡在胶水里,以稳固两股搓在一起的植物纤维,但做好的弓弦不然让其完全干透,因为那样容易硬化而断裂。大麻植物纤维作成的弓弦,如果制作适当,会是非常强韧的,据玛丽玫瑰号上残余的圆材结来看,弓弦的剖面直径大概在八分之一英寸左右,太细的弦做不成强弓啊。
    还有中世纪文献说,也有用亚麻纤维甚至丝线做弓弦的,尤其是丝制弓弦的说法还很有人气,亚麻弓弦在18世纪很流行,丝制弓弦,完全值得怀疑其效力。
    护臂,射箭手套和箭囊。
    弓手戴护臂,两种作用,一是防止被弓弦抽到,伤了前臂,二是把臂膀上的衣服扎紧,防止拉弓的时候碍事。理论上来说,弓弦应该抽不到膀子,但事实上有些弓手喜欢曲肘射击,于是就出现这种情况了。尽管如阿斯查姆等也呼吁加大弦与弓把的距离以防止这一点,但由于实战中,经常有弓手忘记这一点,所以护臂也就重要了。
    护臂通常皮制或角制(也有说有象牙质,而且是海象牙),在玛丽玫瑰号上就发现了11副皮护臂,一副角质护臂。这些皮护臂是长方形的,边角磨圆,就像大英博物馆展 出的都铎护臂一样,上面满是装饰花纹,还有些护臂上有盾徽,有的只是简单穿孔。护臂上有时还有某领主,某城市,某部队的特殊标志,说明弓手服役何处。
    


    2楼2012-07-10 00:48
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      Anchor: The location to which the hand that draws the bow string is positioned to when at full draw. Arrowhead: The striking end of an arrow, usually made of a different type of material from the shaft such as iron, flint or bronze, depending the purpose of the arrow. Archer's paradox: In period bows (without a shelf or centre shot) the arrow which is properly shot will fly in the line of aim although the string propelling the arrow moves directly to the centre of the bow. The arrow in fact bends around the bow after release but after passing the bow returns to its proper line of flight. Anchor Point: The point to which you draw your bow to and anchor along side of face. It is very important to make sure you do this the same with every shot. Arrow Rest: An item you attach to the bow for your arrow to rest on. It used to get riser and shelf clearance. Also to aid in the tuning of bow. Archer's ring, Thumb ring: An effective Eastern method of drawing the bow string while using the thumb protected by a ring. Arrow spacer: A circular piece of leather pierced by 24 holes used to keep the shafts of a sheath of arrows apart from each other and prevent damage to the flights during transport. Arrow Spine: The stiffness and strength of a arrow. Archer's Stake: A sharpened wooden stake driven into the ground pointing away from an archer to protect against cavalry.


      4楼2012-07-10 00:53
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        B Back of the bow: The surface of the bow furthest from the archer when held in the shooting position. Backed bow: A bow consisting primarily of wood but one that has a thin strip of a material (wood or hide) glued to the back of the bow. Barrelled: An arrow which is thickest in the middle and tapers to the ends. Belly of the bow: The surface of the bow closest to the archer when they hold the bow in the shooting position. Bodkin: A type of arrow head for piercing armour. Boson: An arrow with a head with rounded knob with a sharp point projecting. Bow: A projectile weapon consisting of a shaft with the two ends joined by a string used to shoot arrows. Bow arm: The arm which holds the bow. Bow case: Mainly an Eastern usage, made of leather to accommodate the lower half of the recurve bow. Bow stave: A roughly trimmed length of wood from which a complete self bow is made. Bow Square: A tool that is used to set the nocking point and also used to check the tiller of a bow. Bow string: The string of bow made from such materials as; plant fibre, silk or sinew, used to transfer the energy from the bow to the arrow. Brace: To string a bow. Brace Height: The distance between your bow string and the handle. Bracer, Archer's guard, Arm guard: A covering for an archer's left wrist, used to protect the wrist from the slap of the string. Breast: The part of an arrow which touches the bow when the arrow is placed on the string ready to be drawn. Broad arrow: An arrow with a broad barbed head. Broadhead: A wide steel arrowhead used on hunting arrows. Butt: An earthen mound used as a backing for a target, or a target made from compacted straw. Butt fields: English public archery practice grounds, 15th century.


        5楼2012-07-10 00:54
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          C Cast: The ability of a bow to project an arrow. Cloth yard arrow: An arrow of a certain length used for medieval English arrows, about 36 inches in length. Clout: A white cloth placed on the ground as a marker for long distance shooting. Clout shoot: An archery contest where the aim is to hit a target laid out horizontally on the ground. Cock feather: The feather at right angles to the string position in the nock on three feathered arrows. Creep: Allowing the arrow to edge forward at full draw just before the release of the arrow. Cresting: The identifying coloured rings applied to the arrow shaft forward of the fletchings used to mark ownership.
          D Draw: The act of bending the bow to full arrow length by drawing the string backwards while holding the bow steady. Draw weight: The force required to draw a bow to full arrow length, usually measured in pounds at a certain draw length measured in inches. Draw length: This is the length to which the bow is pulled to shoot an arrow. To determine draw length, draw an arrow back and mark it at the point in which it is even with the front of the bow. This is the draw length. Draw length determines what length of arrow one should shoot. D-Loop: A loop made out of rope or metal that attaches to the bowstring usually tied in at top and bottom of where nock is positioned on string. Used as a aid to clip the release to. Using a d-loop will increase the draw length about a 1/2".
          F Flatbow: A modern bow with flat section limbs made from fibreglass and wood laminations, often referred to as an American longbow. Fistmele: The measurement of the distance from the grip to the string of a bow, usually measured by placing a fist on the grip with the thumb extended towards the bowstring. Fletcher: An arrow maker. A person who attaches fletches to arrows. Fletching: To add flights to an arrow. Flemish loose: A loose using two fingers only. Flemish string: A bow string made in such a way that the loops are plaited from material without a serving. Flight shoot: An archery distance shooting competition. Flu-Flu arrow: An arrow with large feathers used for targets thrown in the air or shooting birds. Footed arrow: An arrow reinforced with a spliced hardwood foreshaft. Fore shaft: A supplementary hard wood shaft added to the front end of a shaft.
          G Grains: The standard measurement for the weight of an arrow.
          H Herse: A defence work consisting of sharpened wooden stakes driven into the ground pointing towards the oncoming enemy, used to protect archers from a cavalry charge. Herse of Archers: A wedge formation of archers supported on the flanks by men-at-arms, used by the English during the Hundred Years War.
          I Instinctive shooting: Shooting without the aid of sights, used particularly in field archery and hunting. J Jar : Lack of smooth action in the bow after release.
          L Let-Off: The percentage of weight held at full draw in a c0mp0und bow. In newer bows usually 65% to 80%. Limbs: The ends of the bow from the riser out. This is the part that flexes to give the arrow it's forward motion. Loose: To release the string of a bow to propel an arrow towards it's target. M Musquet arrow, Spright: In the early development of firearms wooden arrows were used along side lead shot as missiles. N Nock: [1] The end of an arrow with a notch in it for the string. [2] The grooves in the tips of the limbs of bow to fit the bowstring. [3] The act of fitting an arrow to the string. Nocking Point: The spot on your bow string in which the arrow is placed prior to shooting and drawing.


          6楼2012-07-10 00:55
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            阿尔金库特时期AGINCOURT长弓带箭感觉有这么几个好处,他们以前做长弓首选当然还是西班牙紫杉,后来14世纪,英西两国交恶,英国人转而大量进口意大利紫杉,当时的威尼斯就是这样一个著名的木材销售中心,城里常见英国商人的身影,榆树elm白蜡树ash山榆榛wych-hazel在当时被视为替代其制作长弓的最好选择,弓通常5又二分之一到6又二分之一英尺长,弓臂能承受的磅数(draw weight)是80lb到120lb(lb 是 libra的简写,即磅),现在的很多复合弓能有60lb到70lb就不错了,射程最远也可达300码,当然鸟根据你所用的箭的重量的不同最远射程也会有浮动。
            射击效果好不好,箭的质量也很重要,那时的箭多半36英寸长,箭羽通常是鸭毛或鹅毛,也有羊皮甚至是孔雀羽,制箭的木材从巴西木,角树(或鹅尔枥属的其他树种hornbeam),桦树(birch), 白蜡树ash,橡树oak,李树blackthorn,山毛榉beech。最受弓手们青睐的白蜡树材质的箭,因为分量更重,更具有穿透力。后来因为盔甲的升级,宽头箭也开始出现替代了原来的箭种,破甲效果也提升.
            当然鸟,阿尔金库特那时候长弓之所以能这么牛比跟他们重视长弓战术上重视也有关,地球人都知道,自从长腿丫1298年在法尔克刻FALKIRK占了俺们苏格兰勇士大便宜之后这种长弓重步兵战术就被英国人爱上了,到了后来,英国的每个村庄都有靶场普及度很大,一到星期天或者什么节假日人们就喜欢去练习,这样为英国培养了大批的优良弓箭手。所以中2的英国定桩机们才这么给力~~~~~~~
            


            8楼2012-07-10 01:09
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              9楼2012-12-01 19:57
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