英语被动语态、强调句型要点总结 ！！

一、被动语态的构成形式
1. 被动语态的基本时态变化
　　被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be＋过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：
　 1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时
　　例：Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.
2） has /have been done 现在完成时
　　例：All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.
　　3） am/is /are being done 现在进行时
　　例：A new cinema is being built here．
　　4） was/were done 一般过去时
　　例：I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.
　　5） had been done 过去完成时
　　例：By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.
　　6） was/were being done 过去进行时
　　例：A meeting was being held when I was there.
　　7） shall/will be done/ be going to be done/ be about to be done/ be to be to done一般将来时
　　例：Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.
　　8） should/would be done; was/ were going to be done; was/ were about to be done; was/ were to be to done一般将来时
　　例：The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.
　　9） shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用）
　　例：The project will have been completed before July.
　　10） should/would have been done 过去将来完成时（少用）
　　例：He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.

2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式
　　 1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。
　　 例：The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.
　 　2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语， 另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语.
例：His mother gave him a present for his birthday.
可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
　 　3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。
　 例：Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.
可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
　 　4）在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但为为被动结构时，要加to。
　 　例：Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.
可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
　5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。
　 　例：The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
3. 非谓语动词的被动语态
　 　v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。
　　 例：I don't like being laughed at in the public.

二、It is said that+从句及其他类似句型
　　一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句”或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.”。有： It is said that… 据说,It is reported that…据报道，It is believed that…大家相信，It is hoped that…大家希望，It is well known that…众所周知，It is thought that…大家认为，It is suggested that…据建议。
例：It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （＝The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）

三、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
　　 1.英语中有很多动词如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物。
　　例：This kind of cloth washes well.
　　注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。 试比较：The door won't lock． （指门本身有毛病）
　　 The door won't be locked． （指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因）
　　 2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。
　 　例：How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？
　 　3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。
　　 例：Your reason sounds reasonable.

五、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义
　 　表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。
　 　1. “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中）。
　 　例：The building is under construction( is being constructed).
　 　2．“beyond+名词”结构，“出乎……胜过……、范围、限度”。常见的有：beyond belief (令人难以置信)， beyond one’s reach（鞭长莫及），beyond one’s control（无法控制），beyond our hope． 我们的成功始料不及。
　 　例：The rumor is beyond belief（=can’t be believed）．
　　 3.“above+名词”结构, 表示“(品质、行为、能力等) 超过……、高于……”。 例：His honest character is above all praise．=His honest character cannot be praised enough．
　　 4．“for+名词”结构，表示 “适于……、 为着……”。如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。
　 　例：That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).
　 　5．“in+名词”结构 ，表示“在……过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight(在视野范围内)，等。
例：The book is not yet in print．(=is not yet printed)
　 　6．“on+名词”结构, 表示“在从事…… 中”。常见的有：on sale(出售)，on show（展出）, on trial（受审）。
　　例：Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed).
　　7．“out of+名词”结构 ； 表示 “超出…… 之外“，常见的有：out of control (控制不了)，out of sight （超出视线之外），out of one’s reach(够不着), out of fashion(不流行)等。
例：The plane was out of control (can’t be controlled)． 。
　 　8．“within+名词”结构，“在……内、不超过……”。
　 　例：He took two days off within the teacher's permission．

六、被动语态与系表结构的区别
　　 当“be+过去分词”作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时，be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：
　 　1．如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。
　 　例：The glass is broken． （系表结构）
　　The glass was broken by the boy． （被动语态）
　　2．如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。
　　例：The door is locked． （系表结构）
　　The door has already/just been locked．（被动语态）
　 　3．被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。
　 　例：The machine is being repaired．

强调句型讲解

“强调”就是使句子的某一部分比一般情况下显得更加重要。英语表达中，要强调句子的某一成分，一般可用强调句型“It is (was) +that (who) +句子的其余部分”。It在句中无意义，只起引出被强调部分的作用。被强调的部分指人时，除可用that外，还可换用who（强调宾语指人时也可用whom）。使用强调句型时，应注意以下事项：


二、如果强调时间、地点、原因或方式状语时，不可用when, where, why或how，而仍用that。
试比较：It was because of the accident why he was late. (误),
It was because of the accident that he was late. (正)。再如：
1. It was not until midnight they reached the camp site. （08重庆）
A. that B.when C.while D. as
答案A。该题强干扰项是B，考生容易因强调时间状语until midnight而误选。
2. It was after he got what he had desired ____he realized it was not so important. （06辽宁）
A.that B.when C.since D. as
答案A。该句强调时间状语从句after he got what he had desired，题干意思是“得到他所梦寐以求的东西后他才意识到一切都不那么重要”。不要误选B。
3. It was in New Zea land ___ Elizabeth first met Mr. Smith. （08全国II）
A. that B.how C.which D. when
答案A。强调地点状语in New Zea land.


三、注意强调句型的否定句和疑问句形式，在这方面很容易因弄不清句子结构而错选。如:
1. I just wonder ____that makes him so excited. （06山东）
A. why it does B. what he does C. how it is D. what it is
答案D。正常语序的强调句型容易看出，但要注意它的变体。如果把该题变换一下语序：it is what that makes him so excited,不难看出这是强调句型的特殊疑问句形式，强调了疑问代词what，因为wonder后宾语从句，故用了陈述语序。
2. It was not until she got home ____Jennifer realized she had lost her keys.
A. when B. that C.where D.before （06全国卷二）
答案B。如果去掉强调结构，该句是一个“not… until”句型：Jennifer didn’t realize she had lost her keys until she got home. 要强调时间状语until she got home，这时要把主句中的否定词not放在was之后。


五、在复习中有可能把It is/ was…that句式都误认为是强调句型的几种情况：
1、把具有实际意义的指示代词it后面接is/was…that误认为是强调句式。
--- Where did you get to know her? （07山东）
--- It was on the farm ____ we worked.
A．that B．there C．which D．where
答案D。该句易误作强调句型，所以A是强干扰项。这里where we worked 是定语从句，修饰the farm。It指“与她相识”这件事。该题很容易受思维定势的影响而拒绝选D，因为平日教学老师一再强调，用强调句型时即使强调地点状语，也不能用where而用that。该句如果要用it was… that强调句型的话，可改写为“It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her.”


2、把it指时间、天气、距离、环境等后接be的情形误以为是强调句型。
It was twenty miles from our city to the village ____the accident happened.
A. that B.when C. then D.where
答案D。本题貌似It was…that强调句型，其实不然。句中It表示距离，where 引导地点状语从句。
3、把It is/ was…that结构的主语从句误认为是强调句型。
The Foreign Minister said, “____our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.” （04北京）
A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is
答案D。如果选A和C，指示代词This和That在句中找不出指代的内容，选B意义不通。故选D。虽然选It is后题干中出现了It is… that结构，但这不是强调句型。很明显，题干中的that从句应是主语从句，所缺的是形式主语。
4、____ is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy
A. As B. That C. This D.It （06浙江）
答案D。如果去掉It is … that, 中间的our belief就无法处理，因此该句不是强调句型，而是一个复合句，It是形式主语，that引导真正主语。
强调句型It is/ was… that/ who主要用来强调句子的主语、宾语、状语或表语。如果要强调谓语动词,应该用代动词do及其变形does或did，这三种形式常用在谓语动词之前，以加强语气。它一般只能强调现在时与过去时。如：
I do wish I could. 我真希望我能。
He does look well. 他的确看起来气色很好。
You did give me a fright. 你真把我给吓了一跳。

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