九．情态动词的使用：can, must, have to, may, need,
1．情态动词can（能够）, must（必须）, may（可以）
结构：主语+can/must/may+动词原型
He can make the tea.
Sally can air the room.
We can speak English.
变否定句在情态动词后面加not
He cannot make the tea.
Sally cannot air the room.
We cannot speak English.
变疑问句将情态动词移到句首
Can he make the tea?
Can Sally air the room?
Can we speak English?
肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, he can. No, he cannot.
Yes, she can. No, she cannot.
Yes, we can. No, we cannot.
特殊疑问句：
What can you do?
注意：情态动词的句子没有第三人称单数的变化，不要在情态动词或动词后面加S。
2．Must/have to的区别
must 表示必须，是主观上觉得应该做，have to是不得不，是由于客观条件逼迫的必要要做
must 只能用在表示现在和将来的句子里，而have to do可以用在任何时态
3．must, may, might表示猜测：
must do 表示对现在事实的猜测
must have done表示对过去事实的猜测
must have been doing 表示对过去正在进行的事实的猜测
may/might do, may/might have done表示没有任何事实依据的猜测，might的可能性更小。
can’t/couldn’t 表示不可能
4．need 用法：
表示“需要”时为实意动词，后面可以加名词，也可以加不定式：
I need a pen. Do you need any beer? No, I don’t.
I need to have a rest.
Need doing=need to be done，表示被动
The flowers need watering.
need在否定时做情态动词使用
You needn’t go so early. =You don’t need to go so early.
Must I clean the desk right now? No, you needn’t.

十．不定代词及不定副词：
some, any, no, every
thing something, anything, nothing, everything
one someone, anyone, anything, everyone
where somewhere, anywhere, anywhere, everywhere
body somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody
I looked for my book everywhere, but I can’t find it anywhere.
If you want go somewhere, if you want to be someone, you must wake up.
Help! Somebody? Anybody?
You are really something.
Since everybody is here, let’s begin our class.
Where did you go? I went nowhere.
Nobody is at home.
I have nothing left.

十一．感叹句
What+名词+主语+谓语
What a beautiful girl she is!
How+形容词+主语+谓语
How beautiful the girl is!

十二．祈使句
第二人称：
let+其他人称代词
祈使句的否定，加don’t, 反意疑问
祈使句（第二人称）
祈使句表示请求，命令，建议，邀请等，谓语动词一律用原型，句子中通常不用主语，句末用惊叹好或者句号，用降调。
肯定句 动词原型
Come here, please.
Go downstairs, please.
Stand up. Sit down.
Be quiet. Be careful.
祈使句中如果有唤语，一定要用逗号隔开，放在句首或者句尾
Come in, Amy.
Sit down here, Tom.
Mary, give me a book please.
否定：Don't+动词原型
Don't come here.
Don’t sit down.
Don’t stand up.
Don’t give me it.
let sb. do
Let me pass.
Let us have a rest.
Let’s have a rest.
反意疑问：
Let’s have a walk along the river, shall we?
Let us go out for a drink, will you?

十三．倒装句：so/neither的倒装
He can swim. So can I.
I didn’t go to class. Neither did I.
结构：
so/neither+be+ 主语
so/neither+助动词+ 主语
so/neither+情态动词+ 主语
一般现在时, do, does/am, is, are
现在进行时, am, is, are
一般过去时, did
现在完成时, have, has
一般将来时, will, shall,
过去进行时，was, were
过去完成时，had
过去将来时, would

十四．直接引语/间接引语
如果引语的主句所用动词为过去时，那么间接引语要做相应变化：时态，人称，时间地点及指示词
时态变化：
一般现在时——一般过去时
现在进行时——过去进行时
一般过去时——过去完成时
现在完成时——过去完成时
一般将来时——过去将来时
be going to——was/were going to/would
can-could
may-might
时间地点及指示词的变化：
here—there, tomorrow—the next day, the following day, this—that…
人称变化：根据句意改变人称。

十五．直接宾语/间接宾语
主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，间接宾语是及物动词的动作所涉及的人或事务，也可以说间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的，或者是为谁做的。所以间接宾语要用名词或者宾格代词来担当。
He gives me a book.
me间接宾语, a book直接宾语
直接宾语和间接宾语的位置调换时要加一个介词to或for
主语＋及物动词＋直接宾语＋介词+间接宾语
Give me a book.
Give the book to me.
Send his a letter.
Send a letter to him.
Show him the new dress.
Show the new dress to him.

十六、从句
宾语从句，定语从句（限定性），表语从句，状语从句（if引导的真实条件句）
宾语从句：如果宾语从句的主句中的动词为过去时，那么宾语从句中的时态要和主句统一；如果宾语从句为疑问词引导，那么语序要用陈述语序，即主语在前，动词在后。
定语从句：
表语从句：
状语从句（if引导的真实条件句）：主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时
What will you do if you win a lot of money?
If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.

十七．
动词不定式做宾语及宾语补语的用法(详细用法请见nce2)
结构，to do sth
用法，可以做除谓语以外的所有成分，语法上称之为非谓语动词。
做宾语，在一些动词后常用不定式做宾语，例如：want, like, ask ,try…
做宾补，want sb. to do, ask sb. to do, like sb. to do

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