5月20日，2014
工业自发电主要集中在化学品、石油和造纸领域
美国近3%的电能是自发电，在2012年这占总发电量的近4%。超过90%的工业发电集中在五个领域。这些领域中，化学品、造纸、石油和煤炭领域占工业自发电的比例超过80%，金属和食品领域占了剩下的20%。
热电联产设备（CHP）多见于以下领域：有热量和蒸汽需求，并且这种需求对经济潜力和盈利能力有直接影响。有固定热和蒸汽需求，同时有部分电力需求的连续过程，这为CHP设备提供了技术基础和应用的可能性；或者热电联产将采用更大的这种设备。
在工业领域，电厂提供电、热的历史有很长一段时间了。在19世纪早期，自发电就已经很普遍了，并且在美国电力体系中占据了重要位置；这是因为工业用热的需要，另外一个原因是供电网络在当时不稳定，而且价格昂贵。随后，全国电力体系不断提高，这导致了工业领域内热电联产的大幅降低；许多工业用电选择了电网供电，而不是自发电。
不考虑费用节省，工业CHP能同时满足供电供热，这是CHP来自技术层面的潜力；经济上的可行性使得CHP得到广泛应用，这是CHP来自经济层面的潜力。两者共同作用形成这样一个事实，即CHP在上述几大领域得到集中应用。
相比于单独供电或单独供热，CHP能耗更低、费用更省；这为工业领域内的热电联产更广泛的应用提供了技术支持。
联邦和地方的制定了各项政策，都意在促进CHP发展。然而，尽管对高耗能制造业企业而言，购电成本是一项很大的开支；但热电联产的设备供应商认为CHP应用还是面临着严峻挑战。
除了购电费用和原料燃料价格的直接影响，CHP应用还受以下几个方面影响：
A，CHP以及相关产品可能的税收变化
B，国家环境政策
C，国家审批要求
D，联邦政府各种标准
主要撰稿人：马克·师伯（ Mark Schipper）、乔尔·道格拉斯（Joel Douglas）
MAY 20, 2014
Industrial onsite electricityconcentrated in chemicals, oil, and paper manufacturing
Onsite industrial generation represents approximately 3%of current U.S. generating capacity and approximately 4% of total megawatthours(MWh) of electricity generated in 2012, the latest year for which final dataare available. More than 90% of the industrial generation capacity isconcentrated in five industries. Of these industries, the chemicals, paper, andpetroleum and coal industries account for more than 80% of onsite industrialgeneration, with the primary metals and food industries representing theremaining 20%.
Combined heat and power (CHP) facilities tend to be builtin conjunction with certain industries that have heat or steam demands thatdirectly affect their economic potential and profitability. Continuousoperations with fairly constant heat or steam demands, coupled with meetingpartial electricity demands, bolster the technical potential and likelihood ofadoption of an industrial CHP, or cogeneration, facility and also may result ingreater use of these facilities.
Power plants configured to produce both electricity andsteam for other uses have a long history in the industrial sector. In the early1900s, onsite generation was commonplace and also accounted for the majority of U.S. units because of the need for industrial heat,combined with the poor reliability and high cost of contemporarynetwork-delivered electrical service. Subsequent improvements in electric gridsthroughout the nation led to a substantial decline in industrial cogeneration,with most electricity used at industrial facilities now coming from the grid rather than from onsite sources.
While the technical potential of CHP—the amount ofindustrial CHP possible to meet both heat and partial electric demands without takinginto account measures of its cost-effectiveness—spans the entire industrialsector, the economic potential—the amount of industrial CHP that could beadopted because of its economic feasibility—helps to concentrate such potentialin a few industries.
There is significant technical potential for more industrial cogeneration, which offers thepotential for energy savings and cost reductions compared to the separate productionof electricity and heat. Multiple policies at the federal, state, and local levels aim to promoteCHP. However, even though expenditures for purchasing electricity are a significant cost forenergy-intensive manufacturing facilities, the number of manufacturingfacilities with and without active cogeneration suggest that CHP still faces significant challenges.
In addition to the direct sensitivities to the futurecost of electricity and input fuels prices, there are other notable concernsparticular to CHP investments identified by industry:
A， Possible changes in CHP-related tax issues
B， State environmental policies
C，State siting and permitting requirements
D，Various federal standards
Principal contributors: Mark Schipper, Joel Douglas
工业自发电主要集中在化学品、石油和造纸领域
美国近3%的电能是自发电，在2012年这占总发电量的近4%。超过90%的工业发电集中在五个领域。这些领域中，化学品、造纸、石油和煤炭领域占工业自发电的比例超过80%，金属和食品领域占了剩下的20%。
热电联产设备（CHP）多见于以下领域：有热量和蒸汽需求，并且这种需求对经济潜力和盈利能力有直接影响。有固定热和蒸汽需求，同时有部分电力需求的连续过程，这为CHP设备提供了技术基础和应用的可能性；或者热电联产将采用更大的这种设备。
在工业领域，电厂提供电、热的历史有很长一段时间了。在19世纪早期，自发电就已经很普遍了，并且在美国电力体系中占据了重要位置；这是因为工业用热的需要，另外一个原因是供电网络在当时不稳定，而且价格昂贵。随后，全国电力体系不断提高，这导致了工业领域内热电联产的大幅降低；许多工业用电选择了电网供电，而不是自发电。
不考虑费用节省，工业CHP能同时满足供电供热，这是CHP来自技术层面的潜力；经济上的可行性使得CHP得到广泛应用，这是CHP来自经济层面的潜力。两者共同作用形成这样一个事实，即CHP在上述几大领域得到集中应用。
相比于单独供电或单独供热，CHP能耗更低、费用更省；这为工业领域内的热电联产更广泛的应用提供了技术支持。
联邦和地方的制定了各项政策，都意在促进CHP发展。然而，尽管对高耗能制造业企业而言，购电成本是一项很大的开支；但热电联产的设备供应商认为CHP应用还是面临着严峻挑战。
除了购电费用和原料燃料价格的直接影响，CHP应用还受以下几个方面影响：
A，CHP以及相关产品可能的税收变化
B，国家环境政策
C，国家审批要求
D，联邦政府各种标准
主要撰稿人：马克·师伯（ Mark Schipper）、乔尔·道格拉斯（Joel Douglas）
MAY 20, 2014
Industrial onsite electricityconcentrated in chemicals, oil, and paper manufacturing
Onsite industrial generation represents approximately 3%of current U.S. generating capacity and approximately 4% of total megawatthours(MWh) of electricity generated in 2012, the latest year for which final dataare available. More than 90% of the industrial generation capacity isconcentrated in five industries. Of these industries, the chemicals, paper, andpetroleum and coal industries account for more than 80% of onsite industrialgeneration, with the primary metals and food industries representing theremaining 20%.
Combined heat and power (CHP) facilities tend to be builtin conjunction with certain industries that have heat or steam demands thatdirectly affect their economic potential and profitability. Continuousoperations with fairly constant heat or steam demands, coupled with meetingpartial electricity demands, bolster the technical potential and likelihood ofadoption of an industrial CHP, or cogeneration, facility and also may result ingreater use of these facilities.
Power plants configured to produce both electricity andsteam for other uses have a long history in the industrial sector. In the early1900s, onsite generation was commonplace and also accounted for the majority of U.S. units because of the need for industrial heat,combined with the poor reliability and high cost of contemporarynetwork-delivered electrical service. Subsequent improvements in electric gridsthroughout the nation led to a substantial decline in industrial cogeneration,with most electricity used at industrial facilities now coming from the grid rather than from onsite sources.
While the technical potential of CHP—the amount ofindustrial CHP possible to meet both heat and partial electric demands without takinginto account measures of its cost-effectiveness—spans the entire industrialsector, the economic potential—the amount of industrial CHP that could beadopted because of its economic feasibility—helps to concentrate such potentialin a few industries.
There is significant technical potential for more industrial cogeneration, which offers thepotential for energy savings and cost reductions compared to the separate productionof electricity and heat. Multiple policies at the federal, state, and local levels aim to promoteCHP. However, even though expenditures for purchasing electricity are a significant cost forenergy-intensive manufacturing facilities, the number of manufacturingfacilities with and without active cogeneration suggest that CHP still faces significant challenges.
In addition to the direct sensitivities to the futurecost of electricity and input fuels prices, there are other notable concernsparticular to CHP investments identified by industry:
A， Possible changes in CHP-related tax issues
B， State environmental policies
C，State siting and permitting requirements
D，Various federal standards
Principal contributors: Mark Schipper, Joel Douglas
