参考文献
^ Expanding wave solutions of the Einstein equations that induce an anomalous acceleration into the Standard Model of Cosmology—PNAS "an explanation not requiring the cosmological constant or dark energy"
^ 2.0 2.1 Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N.; Armitage-Caplan, C.; et al. (Planck Collaboration). Planck 2013 results. I. Overview of products and scientific results – Table 9.. Astronomy and Astrophysics (submitted). 22 March 2013. arXiv:1303.5062. Bibcode:2013arXiv1303.5062P.
^ 3.0 3.1 Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N.; Armitage-Caplan, C.; et al. (Planck Collaboration). Planck 2013 Results Papers. Astronomy and Astrophysics(submitted). 31 March 2013. arXiv:1303.5062. Bibcode:2013arXiv1303.5062P.
^ 4.0 4.1 First Planck results: the Universe is still weird and interesting.
^ 5.0 5.1 Sean Carroll, Ph.D., Cal Tech, 2007, The Teaching Company, Dark Matter, Dark Energy: The Dark Side of the Universe, Guidebook Part 2 page 46, Accessed Oct. 7, 2013, "...dark energy: A smooth, persistent component of invisible energy, thought to make up about 70 percent of the current energy density of the universe. Dark energy is known to be smooth because it doesn't accumulate preferentially in galaxies and clusters..."
^ Shirley Ho; Hirata; Nikhil Padmanabhan; Uros Seljak; Neta Bahcall. Correlation of CMB with large-scale structure: I. ISW Tomography and Cosmological Implications. Phys. Rev. D. 2008, 78 (4). arXiv:0801.0642. Bibcode:2008PhRvD..78d3519H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.78.043519.
^ Tommaso Giannantonio; Ryan Scranton; Crittenden; Nichol; Boughn; Myers; Richards. Combined analysis of the integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect and cosmological implications. Phys. Rev. D. 2008, 77 (12). arXiv:0801.4380. Bibcode:2008PhRvD..77l3520G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.77.123520.