1. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.
　 2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位学； 在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学，音系学
　　3. Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences. 句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科
　　4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学
　　5. acronym : 首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼，但VOA是 Initialism。

21. Transcendentalism: A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition. 超验主义， 一种文学和哲学运动，与拉尔夫？沃尔多？爱默生和玛格丽特？富勒有关，宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握
　　22. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the Scarlet Letter. 美国
　　23. Morphology: The study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds.词法，词态学，形态音位学， 语言或某一语言中对于单词的结构和形式的研究，包括词尾变化、派生和合成词的构成
　　24. affricate: A complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant辅音 followed by a fricative摩擦； for example, the initial sounds of child and joy. 塞擦音由闭塞音伴随着摩擦音而形成的复杂的语音；例如 child和 joy的第一个音Also called: affricative.
　　25. Vanity Fair 名利场 was written William Makepeace Thackray

26. Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon. Edwin Aldrin, Michael Collins尼尔。阿姆斯特朗、埃德温。奥尔德林、迈克尔。柯林斯
　　27. The title of the national anthem 国歌 of Canada is O Canada. 此种类型题同学们可自己多找几个国家。
　　28. Henry David Thoreau's work, Walden, has always been regarded as a masterpiece of New England Transcendentalism.
　　29. etymology: the history of a word. 词源学
　　30. The dominant accent in the United States is General American. 除纽约市、南方、新英格兰

36. Wimbledon温布尔登[英国英格兰东南部城市]（位于伦敦附近， 是着名的国际网球比赛地）
　　37. Toad in the hole is a Traditional English recipe食谱， originating from Yorkshire, a county in the north of England. 烤面拖牛肉，面拖烤香肠
　　38. Boycott: To act together in abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with as an expression of protest or disfavor or as a means of coercion（强制）。 联合抵制， 联合起来拒绝使用、购买或经销以示抗议、不满或作为强制的手段
　　39. Segregation: The policy and practice of imposing the social separation of races, as in schools, housing, and industry, especially so as to practice discrimination against people of color in a predominantly white society. 种族隔离， 强制实行种族的社会分离政策及实践，如在学校、居住和工业中，尤指在白人居多的社会中实行有色人种歧视的政策
　　40. Apartheid: An official policy of racial segregation practiced in the Republic of South Africa, involving political, legal, and economic discrimination against nonwhites. 种族隔离制， 南非共和国实行的一种官方的种族隔离政策，包括在政治、法律和经济诸方面对非白色人种的歧视。

41. Integration: The bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groups into unrestricted and equal association, as in society or an organization; desegregation. 种族或宗教融合， 在社会或组织中，使不同的种族或宗教派别的人处于无限制的平等的关系中；取消种族隔离
　　42. The majority of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec.
43. Sir Thomas More coined the word “Utopia”， it means nowhere land in Greek.
　　44. The Hemingway Code heroes are best remembered for their indestructible spirit.
　　45. Phoneme: any one of the set of smallest distinctive speech sounds in a language that distinguish one word from another 音位，音素， 语言中最小的语音单位，如英语里 mat中的 m和 bat中的 b

46. polysemy: 一词多义
　　47. patron saint：保护圣徒， 守护神
　　48. Parentese: 父母语
　　49. back formation: 逆构词 脱落一词的词缀以构成新词 typewriter → typewrite
　　50. allomorph: Any of the variant forms of a morpheme. For example, the phonetic s of cats, z of dogs, and z of horses and the en of oxen are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme. 语素变体， 语素的一种变体形式，如语音学的中之 s在 cats中，z在 dogs中，和 iz在 horses中，还有 en在 oxen中都是英语复数语素的语素变体。