第一课 背单词
Nucleus 细胞核
-Neclear envelope 核膜
-Nucleolus 核仁
-Chromatin 染色质
Cytoplasm 细胞质
Cytosol 细胞溶胶
organelle 细胞器
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 内质网
Rough ER 粗面内质网
Smooth ER 光面内质网
Ribosome 核糖体
Golgi Apparatus 高尔基体
vesicle 小体
Mitochondrion (pl.Mitochondria) 线粒体
Lysosome 溶酶体
peroxisome 过氧物酶体
Centrosome 中心体
Cytoskeleton 细胞骨架
-Microfilament 微丝
-Intermediate filament 中间丝
-Microtubule 微管
Chloroplast 叶绿体
vacuole 液泡
Plasma membrane 质膜
Cell Wall 细胞壁
Flagellum (pl.Flagella) 鞭毛
Microvillus (pl.Microvilli) 微绒毛
Plasmodesmata 胞间连丝


In animal cells but not plant cells:
Lysosomes
Centrosomes, with centrioles
Flagella(but present in some plant sperm)
In plant cells but not animal cells:
Chloroplasts
Central vacuole
Cell wall
Plasmodesmata

eukaryotic cell 真核细胞
prokaryotic cell 原核细胞
nuclear envelope 核膜
lipid bilayer 脂双层
pore complex 核孔复合体
The eukaryotic cell's genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by ribosomes
The nucleus
-contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell
-generally the most conspicuous organelle in a eukaryotic cell(average about 5μm in diameter)
-nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus
Nuclear envelop
-double membrane, separated by a space of 20-40nm, each membrane a lipid bilayer with associated proteins
-perforated by pore structure, d≈100nm, at the lip of pore inner and outer membranes continuous
-intricate protein structure Pore Complex lines each pore, regulating entry and exit of most proteins and RNAs & large complexes of macromolecules
-the nuclear side of evelope lined by Nuclear Lamina,maintain the shape of the nucleus
-Nuclear Matrix, through out the nuclear interior

先碎了 =。=

Chromosome 染色体
Chromostin 染色质
Nucleolus 核仁
transcription/transcribe 转录
translation/translate 翻译
Within the nucleus, the DNA is organized into discrete units called Chromosomes, each made up of Chromatin, a complex of proteins and DNA.
-Stained chromatin usually appears as a diffuse mass through both light microscope and electron microscope.
-As a cell prepares to divide, thin chromotin fibers coil up(condense), becoming thick enough to be distinguished as chromosomes.
Nucleolus (pl.nucleoli)
-in nondividing nucleus
-appears through electron microscope as a mas of densely stained granules and fibers adjoining part of the chromatin
-systhesize ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
-assemble proteins(imported from cytoplasm)with rRNA into large and small Ribosomal Subunits, these subunits exit through nuclear pores to cytoplasm, and assemble into a ribosome
Ribosomes:protein factories
-complex of protein and rRNA
-free ribosomes:suspended in the cytosol, make proteins function within the cytosol
-bound ribosomes: attached to the outside of ER or nuclear envelope, make proteins that are destined for insertion into membranes,for packaging withn certain organelles, or for export from the cell(secretion)
nucleus systhesize mRNA according to DNA (transcription)
ribosome traslate mRNA's genetic message into polypeptide(translation)
-will be described in detail later


放假了整天无所事事
来发点东西。。。

The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs  
metabolic functions in the cell
The endomembrane system includes: the nuclear envelope, the  
endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various  
kinds of vacuoles and the plasma membrane(not actually an  
endomembrane in physical location, but nevertheless related to  
the endoplasmic reticulum and other internal membranes).


The Golgi Apparatus: shipping and receiving center 高尔基体
-a center of manufacturing, warehousing, sorting and shipping
-products of ER(such as proteins) are modified& stored &then  
sent to other destinations
-especially extensive in cells specialized for secretion
-consists of stacks of flattened sacs(cisternae), a cell may  
have many,even hundreds of these stacks, the membrane of each  
cisterna in a stack separates its internal space from the  
cytosol
-vesicles, transfer of material between parts of the Golgi and  
other structure
-structure polarity : 2 poles of a Golgi: cis face
(receiving,near ER,vesicles from ER fusing with a Golgi  
membrane)/trans face(shipping,give rise to vesicles)
-products of the ER modified during their transit from the cis  
region to the trans region
-manufactures certain macromolecules by itself.(many  
polysaccharide,e.g.pectins and certain other noncellulose  
polysaccharides made by plant cells and incorporated along with  
cellulose into their cell walls)
-manufactures and refines its products in stages, with different  
cisternae containing unique teams of enzymes. recent research -  
a more dynamic structure - cisternal maturation model:the Golgi  
progress forward from the cis to the trans face of the Golgi.
-before dispatch, sort products and targets them for various  
parts of the cell(molecular identification tags acts like ZIP  
codes; external molecules on theri membrane that recognize  
"docking sites" on the surface of specific oganelles)

Lysosomes:Digestive Compartments 溶酶体
-a membranous asac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell  
uses to digest macromolecules
-enzymes work best in the acidic environment found in lysosomes
;if breaks open or leak its contents, the released enzymes are  
not very active because the cytosol has a neutral  
PH;however,excessive leakage can destroy a cell by autodigestion
-carry out intracellular digenstion in a variety of  
circumstances
>phagocytosis(digesting food), amoebas engulf food, form  
vacuole, fuse with a lysosome. digestion products pass into the  
cytosol.some human cells also(e.g.macrophages)
>autophagy(breaking down damaged organelles)to recycle organic  
material : a damaged organelle/small amount of cytosol  
surrounded by a double membrane, a lysosome fuses with the outer  
membrane of the vesicle, lysosomal enzymes dismantle the  
enclosed material, organic monomers return to the cytosol
-inherited lysosomal storage disease - lack a functioning  
hydrolytic enzyme normally present in lysosomes(e.g.Tay-Sachs  
disease) . Fortunately, rare in general population


液泡的被说成不当内容了OMG -。-
--------------------------------------------------------
以下属于非endomembrane system的物质。。
some membranous organelles that are not closely related to the  
endomembrane system but play crucial roles in the energy  
transformations carried out by cell

-mitochondria&chloroplasts
*membrane proteins made by free ribosomes and ribosomes  
contained within these organelles themselves.
*contain a small amount of DNA
Mitochondria: Chemical Energy Conversion
-sites of cellular respiration
-found in nearly all eukaryotic cellsz; even in exceptions,  
closed related organelles ifentified probabaly evolved from  
mitochondria
-the number correlates with the cell's level of metabolic  
activity
-about 1-10μm long
-in living cells moving around, changing shapes,fusing or  
dividing into two
-enclosed by two membranes
>outer:smooth
>inner:convoluted with infoldings called cristae(give large  
surface area,enhance productivity of cellular  
respiration),divides the mitochondrion into two internal  
compartments:
*the intermembrane space
*the mitochondrial matrix,enclosed by inner membrane,contains  
many enzymes& mitochondrial DNA& ribosomes;   Enzymes in the  
matrix catalyze some steps of cellular respiration
-other proteins that function in repiration are built into the  
inner membrane.
Chloroplasts:
-sites of photosynthesis
-a spencialized member of a family of closely related plant  
organelles called pastids
(amyloplasts,colorless/chromoplasts,have pigments)
-contain the green pigment(chlorophyll) & enzymes function in  
the photosynthetic production of sugar
-lens-shaped, 2-5μm (shapes are changeable)
-envelope consisting 2 membranes separated by a very narrow  
intermembrane space(in some algae have 4 membranes)
-inside, another membranous system in the form of flattened,  
interconnected sacs called thylakoids.
>stacked like poker chips, each stack called a granum(pl,grana).
>fluid outside the thylakoids is the stroma, contains DNA,  
ribosome, enzymes
-membranes divide the chloroplast space into 3 compartments: the  
intermembrane space,the sroma,the thylakoid space
-shape are chageable;grow,occasionally pinch into 2; mobile

peroxisome又不当内容了 =。=
X度就是只傲娇受
继续荒废去了。。。。。。。

补充单词：
photosynthesis 光合作用
cellular respiration 细胞呼吸
metabolism 新陈代谢
>anabolism 合成代谢
>catabolism 分解代谢，异化作用

怎么这么多…你们都要背的啊