一、 学习目标:
1. 掌握直接引语与间接引语的意义、功能及用法;
2. 进一步熟练过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时)。
二、 学习重点难点:
1. 直接引语(Direct Speech)是指原封不动的引用原话,把它放在引号内,例如:Mother told me, “You should finish your homework first, then you can go out and play with your friends.”
They said, “We want to have a rest.”
间接引语(Reported Speech,又叫Indirect Speech)即用自己的话加以转述,被转述的话不放在引号内。上面两个例句变成间接引语应该是:
Mother told me that I should finish my homework first and then I could go out and play with my friends.
They said they wanted to have a rest.
2. 当我们把直接引语变成间接引语时,由于引述动词(said,told等)一般都是过去时形式,因此间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等一般都要做相应的变化。有下面几种情况:
1) 现在时间推移到过去时间
所谓现在时间推移到过去时间指一般现在时变为一般过去时,现在进行时变成过去进行时,现在完成时变成过去完成时。例如:
She said, “I am hungry.”
-> She said (that) she was hungry.
He said, “The family are fighting among themselves.”
-> He said (that) the family were fighting among themselves.
Tom said, “I have found what’s wrong with the computer.”
-> Tom said he had found what was wrong with the computer.
在下列场合,尽管陈述动词为过去时形式,间接引语中的动词时态却不必改变,即:
a) 当引述的是客观事实、科学真理、现在习惯工作以及格言等内容时:
He said, “The word ‘laser’ is an acronym(首字母缩略词).”
-> He said the word ‘laser’ is an acronym.
b) 当动词所表示的状态或动作在引述时仍在继续时:
“I’m forty,” he said. -> He said he is forty.
c) 当谓语动词包含无过去时形式的情态助动词时:
He said, “It must be pretty late. I really must go.”
-> He said it must be pretty late, and he really must go.
He said, “You mustn’t smoke in the room.”-> He said I mustn’t smoke in the room.
2) 过去时间推移到过去的过去
这里需要注意以下几点:
a) 当强调动作或状态先于引述动词时,一般过去时要变成过去完成体。例如:
He said, “I didn’t know you.”-> He said he hadn’t known me.
当“过去的过去”已经不言自明,或者通过其他词汇手段予以体现,或者侧重于强调所转述的事实本身时,一般过去时形式可以不变。例如:
Ann said, “She was born in 1981.” -> Ann said she was born in 1981.
b) 过去进行时可以变成过去完成进行时,也可以不变。例如:
Robert said, “I was joking with Mary.”
-> Robert said he had been joking with Mary.
Robert said he was joking with Mary.
c) 过去完成时仍为过去完成时,不需改变。例如:
He said, “We hadn’t returned to the store when she came.”
-> He said they hadn’t returned to the store when she came.
d) 时间状语分句中的一般过去式或者过去进行时可以不变。例如:
John said, “When I lived in London I often saw Jane.”
-> John said when he lived in London he had often seen Jane.
John said when he lived in London he often saw Jane.
3) 将来时间推移到过去将来时间
最常见的是把表示将来时间的助动词由现在时形式变为过去时形式。例如:
He said, “We’re spending next weekend at home.”
-> He said they were spending the next weekend at home.
1. 掌握直接引语与间接引语的意义、功能及用法;
2. 进一步熟练过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时)。
二、 学习重点难点:
1. 直接引语(Direct Speech)是指原封不动的引用原话,把它放在引号内,例如:Mother told me, “You should finish your homework first, then you can go out and play with your friends.”
They said, “We want to have a rest.”
间接引语(Reported Speech,又叫Indirect Speech)即用自己的话加以转述,被转述的话不放在引号内。上面两个例句变成间接引语应该是:
Mother told me that I should finish my homework first and then I could go out and play with my friends.
They said they wanted to have a rest.
2. 当我们把直接引语变成间接引语时,由于引述动词(said,told等)一般都是过去时形式,因此间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等一般都要做相应的变化。有下面几种情况:
1) 现在时间推移到过去时间
所谓现在时间推移到过去时间指一般现在时变为一般过去时,现在进行时变成过去进行时,现在完成时变成过去完成时。例如:
She said, “I am hungry.”
-> She said (that) she was hungry.
He said, “The family are fighting among themselves.”
-> He said (that) the family were fighting among themselves.
Tom said, “I have found what’s wrong with the computer.”
-> Tom said he had found what was wrong with the computer.
在下列场合,尽管陈述动词为过去时形式,间接引语中的动词时态却不必改变,即:
a) 当引述的是客观事实、科学真理、现在习惯工作以及格言等内容时:
He said, “The word ‘laser’ is an acronym(首字母缩略词).”
-> He said the word ‘laser’ is an acronym.
b) 当动词所表示的状态或动作在引述时仍在继续时:
“I’m forty,” he said. -> He said he is forty.
c) 当谓语动词包含无过去时形式的情态助动词时:
He said, “It must be pretty late. I really must go.”
-> He said it must be pretty late, and he really must go.
He said, “You mustn’t smoke in the room.”-> He said I mustn’t smoke in the room.
2) 过去时间推移到过去的过去
这里需要注意以下几点:
a) 当强调动作或状态先于引述动词时,一般过去时要变成过去完成体。例如:
He said, “I didn’t know you.”-> He said he hadn’t known me.
当“过去的过去”已经不言自明,或者通过其他词汇手段予以体现,或者侧重于强调所转述的事实本身时,一般过去时形式可以不变。例如:
Ann said, “She was born in 1981.” -> Ann said she was born in 1981.
b) 过去进行时可以变成过去完成进行时,也可以不变。例如:
Robert said, “I was joking with Mary.”
-> Robert said he had been joking with Mary.
Robert said he was joking with Mary.
c) 过去完成时仍为过去完成时,不需改变。例如:
He said, “We hadn’t returned to the store when she came.”
-> He said they hadn’t returned to the store when she came.
d) 时间状语分句中的一般过去式或者过去进行时可以不变。例如:
John said, “When I lived in London I often saw Jane.”
-> John said when he lived in London he had often seen Jane.
John said when he lived in London he often saw Jane.
3) 将来时间推移到过去将来时间
最常见的是把表示将来时间的助动词由现在时形式变为过去时形式。例如:
He said, “We’re spending next weekend at home.”
-> He said they were spending the next weekend at home.